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Effect Of Probiotics On Growth Rate And Occurrence Of Diarrhea In Neonatal Holstein Friesian Calves

by Muhammad Ayaz Ahmad (2010-VA-236) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Dairy sector commercialization is growing in Pakistan. The import of Holstein cows has been dramatically increased from last decade. Calf mortality is the major constraint in the field of livestock. Calves are considered as the future of dairy farm and mainly responsible for the replacement of stock. Certain diseases cause calf mortality among which bacterial infections carry prime importance.Supplementation of probiotics in milk will reduce the occurrence of diarrhea and increase the body weight, growth rate and average daily gain in Holstein Friesian calves.Holstein Friesian calves (n=60) will be taken from their dams at six days of age and all calves on the basis of initial weight and sex will be selected for the trial. There will be (n=40) calves in the probiotic group and (n=20) calves in the control group.Each group will be further sub-divided into two sub-groups i.e. (n=20) in Group B and (n=25) in Group C. The initial average weight of the calves will be determinedin the two groups. The health status of the calves will be monitored daily with particular attention paid to the occurrence of diarrhea. The actual trial period will start at weaning (day 0) when the calves will be six days old and will be stopped 56 days later. All calves in probiotic group will be offered milk containing probiotic (Calf PRE RD, TechMix, LLCTM, USA) at the dose rate of 4gm per calf per day. The health status, body weight, average daily weight gain and occurrence of diarrhea will be monitored on daily basis. All calves will be given a diarrhea score according to the following scale: 0 = firm, no signs of diarrhea, 1 = soft, slightly loose feacal consistency and 2 = liquid, very loose feacal consistency(Jatkauskas et al., 2010). For each calf the daily scores and the number of days with liquid feaces (score 2) will be summed into an index of the severity of the diarrhea. Data on occurrence of diarrhea will be compared among groups by using Chi-square (χ2) test whereas data on growth rate, body weight and average daily gain will be measured using t-test. All data will be analyzed using SPSS (statistical package for social sciences),P< 0.05 will be considered significant. The current study will help in reducing the occurrence of diarrheain Holstein Friesian calves. Further, it will also assist in finding out the efficacy of probiotics supplementation in reducing the incidence of calf mortality. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2811-T] (1).

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Serological Investigation Of Bovine Viral Diarrhea In Wild Ruminants At Zoological Gardens In Punjab

by Sadam Hussain (2010-VA-223) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.

Material type: book Book Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Bovine Viral Diarrhea is an infection of bovines that lead to poor reproductive performance, decrease milk yield, ill thrift and immunosuppression. It is caused by BVD virus, a member of the genus pestivirus of the family Flaviridae .The BVD virus is an RNA virus and has two genotypes BVDV1 and BVDV2. Each genotype has further two biotypes, cytopathogenic and non-cytopathogenic on the basis of their effect on cell culture.Environmental and socio-economical changes have led to an increase of interactions between wild and domestic species worldwide, aphenomenon that has received a growing attention during the past decade. It is now largely recognized that wildlife can play important role in the epidemiology of infectious diseases shared between wild and domestic species.In particular, the potential of wild animals as pathogen reservoirs and sources of infection for domestic livestock has been increasing concern of that. Therefore for the successful control program of infectious diseases, it is mandatory to investigate the status of wildlife as a reservoir of infection. This study was conducted in zoological collection of wild ruminants in different zoos i.e. Lahore Zoo, Safari Wildlife Park, and Lal-Suhanra Wildlife Park and privately owned captive wild ruminants in Punjab province. The Samples were processed at university Diagnostic laboratory (UDL) of UVAS, Lahore. In this study 150 serum samples of wild ruminants were examined at zoological gardens and privately owned captive wild ruminants at Punjab, Pakistan randomly. Blood samples of 3ml from Deer (n=75), Urial sheep (n=55), Mouflon sheep (n=10) and Ibex (n=10) were collected. The serum samples were screened by competitive ELISA and it was observed that overall seroprevalence was 8% and animal wise was seroprevalence in deer was 5.33%, in Urial sheep was 12.72% while in Ibex was 0% and in Mouflon sheep was 10%. Specie, breed,age, sex physical condition, deworming and colostrum feeding were non-significant associated risk factors.It is concluded that BVD is prevalent among wild ruminants kept at various zoological gardens in Punjab. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2818-T] (1).

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